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ReStructuredText
562 lines
15 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _changes:
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Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Intro
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=====
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This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
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software necessary to run the current kernel version.
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This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
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and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
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Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
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'net).
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Current Minimal Requirements
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****************************
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Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
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encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
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running, the suggested command should tell you.
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Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
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running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
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systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
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you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
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====================== =============== ========================================
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Program Minimal version Command to check the version
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====================== =============== ========================================
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GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
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Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
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Rust (optional) 1.62.0 rustc --version
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bindgen (optional) 0.56.0 bindgen --version
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GNU make 3.82 make --version
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bash 4.2 bash --version
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binutils 2.25 ld -v
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flex 2.5.35 flex --version
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bison 2.0 bison --version
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pahole 1.16 pahole --version
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util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
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kmod 13 depmod -V
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e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
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jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
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reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
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xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
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squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
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btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
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pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
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quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
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PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
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nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
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procps 3.2.0 ps --version
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udev 081 udevd --version
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grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
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mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
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iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
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openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
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bc 1.06.95 bc --version
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Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
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cpio any cpio --version
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====================== =============== ========================================
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.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
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Kernel compilation
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******************
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GCC
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---
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The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
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computer.
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Clang/LLVM (optional)
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---------------------
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The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
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`releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
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kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
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from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
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docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
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Rust (optional)
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---------------
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A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
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may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
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the moment.
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Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
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(like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
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is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
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useful for developing.
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Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
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satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
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target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
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be detected.
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bindgen (optional)
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------------------
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``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
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It depends on ``libclang``.
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Make
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----
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You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
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Bash
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----
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Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
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Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
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Binutils
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--------
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Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
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pkg-config
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----------
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The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
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kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
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'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
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verified or documented.
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Flex
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----
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Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
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during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
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Bison
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-----
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Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
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during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
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pahole:
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-------
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Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
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generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
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modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
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It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
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https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
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Perl
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----
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You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
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``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
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BC
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--
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You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
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OpenSSL
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-------
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Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
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crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
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You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
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enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
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and higher.
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System utilities
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****************
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Architectural changes
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---------------------
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DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
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(https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
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32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
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Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
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documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
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definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
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files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
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then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
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In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
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Sphinx.
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Util-linux
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----------
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New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
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support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
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types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
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You'll probably want to upgrade.
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Ksymoops
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--------
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If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
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ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
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It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
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that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
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produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
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is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
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reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
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with ksymoops.
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Mkinitrd
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--------
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These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
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mkinitrd be upgraded.
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E2fsprogs
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---------
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The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
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debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
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JFSutils
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--------
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The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
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The following utilities are available:
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- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
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and repair a JFS formatted partition.
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- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
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- other file system utilities are also available in this package.
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Reiserfsprogs
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-------------
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The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
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(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
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versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
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``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
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Xfsprogs
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--------
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The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
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``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
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architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
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work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
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later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
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PCMCIAutils
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-----------
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PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
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PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
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for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
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subsystem is used.
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Quota-tools
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-----------
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Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
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the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
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newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
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from the table above.
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Intel IA32 microcode
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--------------------
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A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
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accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
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udev you may need to::
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mkdir /dev/cpu
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mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
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chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
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as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
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get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
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udev
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----
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``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
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only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
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functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
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devices.
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FUSE
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----
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Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
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options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
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Networking
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**********
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General changes
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---------------
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If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
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consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
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Packet Filter / NAT
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-------------------
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The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
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kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
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for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
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PPP
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---
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The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
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enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
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upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
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If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
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which can be made by::
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mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
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as root.
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NFS-utils
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---------
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In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
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about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
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information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
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mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
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would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
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This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
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which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
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fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
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getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
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With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
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when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
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appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
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dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
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currently active clients.
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To enable this new functionality, you need to::
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mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
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before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
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services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
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that is possible.
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mcelog
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------
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On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
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events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
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reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
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Kernel documentation
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********************
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Sphinx
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------
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Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
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for details about Sphinx requirements.
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rustdoc
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-------
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``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
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Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
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Getting updated software
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========================
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Kernel compilation
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******************
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gcc
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---
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- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
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Clang/LLVM
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----------
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- :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
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Rust
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----
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- Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
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bindgen
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-------
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- Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
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Make
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----
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- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
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Bash
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----
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- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
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Binutils
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--------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
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Flex
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----
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- <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
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Bison
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-----
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- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
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OpenSSL
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-------
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- <https://www.openssl.org/>
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System utilities
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****************
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Util-linux
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----------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
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Kmod
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----
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
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- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
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Ksymoops
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--------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
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Mkinitrd
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--------
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- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
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E2fsprogs
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---------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
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- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
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JFSutils
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--------
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- <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
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Reiserfsprogs
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-------------
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- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
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Xfsprogs
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--------
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- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
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Pcmciautils
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-----------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
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Quota-tools
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-----------
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- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
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Intel P6 microcode
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------------------
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|
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- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
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udev
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----
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|
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- <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
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FUSE
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----
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- <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
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mcelog
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------
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- <http://www.mcelog.org/>
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cpio
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----
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- <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
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Networking
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**********
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PPP
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---
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- <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
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- <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
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- <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
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NFS-utils
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---------
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- <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
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Iptables
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--------
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- <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
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Ip-route2
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---------
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- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
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OProfile
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--------
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- <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
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NFS-Utils
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---------
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- <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
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Kernel documentation
|
|
********************
|
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|
Sphinx
|
|
------
|
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|
|
- <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
|