309 lines
14 KiB
ReStructuredText
309 lines
14 KiB
ReStructuredText
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===================
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Fallback mechanisms
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===================
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A fallback mechanism is supported to allow to overcome failures to do a direct
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filesystem lookup on the root filesystem or when the firmware simply cannot be
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installed for practical reasons on the root filesystem. The kernel
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configuration options related to supporting the firmware fallback mechanism are:
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* CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER: enables building the firmware fallback
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mechanism. Most distributions enable this option today. If enabled but
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CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER_FALLBACK is disabled, only the custom fallback
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mechanism is available and for the request_firmware_nowait() call.
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* CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER_FALLBACK: force enables each request to
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enable the kobject uevent fallback mechanism on all firmware API calls
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except request_firmware_direct(). Most distributions disable this option
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today. The call request_firmware_nowait() allows for one alternative
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fallback mechanism: if this kconfig option is enabled and your second
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argument to request_firmware_nowait(), uevent, is set to false you are
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informing the kernel that you have a custom fallback mechanism and it will
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manually load the firmware. Read below for more details.
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Note that this means when having this configuration:
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CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER=y
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CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER_FALLBACK=n
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the kobject uevent fallback mechanism will never take effect even
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for request_firmware_nowait() when uevent is set to true.
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Justifying the firmware fallback mechanism
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==========================================
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Direct filesystem lookups may fail for a variety of reasons. Known reasons for
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this are worth itemizing and documenting as it justifies the need for the
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fallback mechanism:
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* Race against access with the root filesystem upon bootup.
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* Races upon resume from suspend. This is resolved by the firmware cache, but
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the firmware cache is only supported if you use uevents, and its not
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supported for request_firmware_into_buf().
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* Firmware is not accessible through typical means:
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* It cannot be installed into the root filesystem
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* The firmware provides very unique device specific data tailored for
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the unit gathered with local information. An example is calibration
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data for WiFi chipsets for mobile devices. This calibration data is
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not common to all units, but tailored per unit. Such information may
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be installed on a separate flash partition other than where the root
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filesystem is provided.
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Types of fallback mechanisms
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============================
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There are really two fallback mechanisms available using one shared sysfs
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interface as a loading facility:
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* Kobject uevent fallback mechanism
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* Custom fallback mechanism
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First lets document the shared sysfs loading facility.
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Firmware sysfs loading facility
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===============================
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In order to help device drivers upload firmware using a fallback mechanism
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the firmware infrastructure creates a sysfs interface to enable userspace
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to load and indicate when firmware is ready. The sysfs directory is created
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via fw_create_instance(). This call creates a new struct device named after
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the firmware requested, and establishes it in the device hierarchy by
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associating the device used to make the request as the device's parent.
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The sysfs directory's file attributes are defined and controlled through
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the new device's class (firmware_class) and group (fw_dev_attr_groups).
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This is actually where the original firmware_class module name came from,
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given that originally the only firmware loading mechanism available was the
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mechanism we now use as a fallback mechanism, which registers a struct class
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firmware_class. Because the attributes exposed are part of the module name, the
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module name firmware_class cannot be renamed in the future, to ensure backward
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compatibility with old userspace.
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To load firmware using the sysfs interface we expose a loading indicator,
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and a file upload firmware into:
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* /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
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* /sys/$DEVPATH/data
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To upload firmware you will echo 1 onto the loading file to indicate
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you are loading firmware. You then write the firmware into the data file,
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and you notify the kernel the firmware is ready by echo'ing 0 onto
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the loading file.
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The firmware device used to help load firmware using sysfs is only created if
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direct firmware loading fails and if the fallback mechanism is enabled for your
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firmware request, this is set up with :c:func:`firmware_fallback_sysfs`. It is
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important to re-iterate that no device is created if a direct filesystem lookup
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succeeded.
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Using::
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echo 1 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
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Will clean any previous partial load at once and make the firmware API
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return an error. When loading firmware the firmware_class grows a buffer
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for the firmware in PAGE_SIZE increments to hold the image as it comes in.
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firmware_data_read() and firmware_loading_show() are just provided for the
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test_firmware driver for testing, they are not called in normal use or
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expected to be used regularly by userspace.
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firmware_fallback_sysfs
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-----------------------
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.. kernel-doc:: drivers/base/firmware_loader/fallback.c
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:functions: firmware_fallback_sysfs
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Firmware kobject uevent fallback mechanism
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==========================================
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Since a device is created for the sysfs interface to help load firmware as a
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fallback mechanism userspace can be informed of the addition of the device by
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relying on kobject uevents. The addition of the device into the device
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hierarchy means the fallback mechanism for firmware loading has been initiated.
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For details of implementation refer to fw_load_sysfs_fallback(), in particular
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on the use of dev_set_uevent_suppress() and kobject_uevent().
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The kernel's kobject uevent mechanism is implemented in lib/kobject_uevent.c,
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it issues uevents to userspace. As a supplement to kobject uevents Linux
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distributions could also enable CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH, which makes use of
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core kernel's usermode helper (UMH) functionality to call out to a userspace
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helper for kobject uevents. In practice though no standard distribution has
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ever used the CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH. If CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER_PATH is
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enabled this binary would be called each time kobject_uevent_env() gets called
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in the kernel for each kobject uevent triggered.
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Different implementations have been supported in userspace to take advantage of
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this fallback mechanism. When firmware loading was only possible using the
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sysfs mechanism the userspace component "hotplug" provided the functionality of
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monitoring for kobject events. Historically this was superseded be systemd's
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udev, however firmware loading support was removed from udev as of systemd
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commit be2ea723b1d0 ("udev: remove userspace firmware loading support")
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as of v217 on August, 2014. This means most Linux distributions today are
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not using or taking advantage of the firmware fallback mechanism provided
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by kobject uevents. This is specially exacerbated due to the fact that most
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distributions today disable CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER_FALLBACK.
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Refer to do_firmware_uevent() for details of the kobject event variables
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setup. The variables currently passed to userspace with a "kobject add"
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event are:
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* FIRMWARE=firmware name
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* TIMEOUT=timeout value
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* ASYNC=whether or not the API request was asynchronous
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By default DEVPATH is set by the internal kernel kobject infrastructure.
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Below is an example simple kobject uevent script::
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# Both $DEVPATH and $FIRMWARE are already provided in the environment.
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MY_FW_DIR=/lib/firmware/
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echo 1 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
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cat $MY_FW_DIR/$FIRMWARE > /sys/$DEVPATH/data
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echo 0 > /sys/$DEVPATH/loading
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Firmware custom fallback mechanism
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==================================
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Users of the request_firmware_nowait() call have yet another option available
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at their disposal: rely on the sysfs fallback mechanism but request that no
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kobject uevents be issued to userspace. The original logic behind this
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was that utilities other than udev might be required to lookup firmware
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in non-traditional paths -- paths outside of the listing documented in the
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section 'Direct filesystem lookup'. This option is not available to any of
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the other API calls as uevents are always forced for them.
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Since uevents are only meaningful if the fallback mechanism is enabled
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in your kernel it would seem odd to enable uevents with kernels that do not
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have the fallback mechanism enabled in their kernels. Unfortunately we also
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rely on the uevent flag which can be disabled by request_firmware_nowait() to
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also setup the firmware cache for firmware requests. As documented above,
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the firmware cache is only set up if uevent is enabled for an API call.
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Although this can disable the firmware cache for request_firmware_nowait()
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calls, users of this API should not use it for the purposes of disabling
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the cache as that was not the original purpose of the flag. Not setting
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the uevent flag means you want to opt-in for the firmware fallback mechanism
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but you want to suppress kobject uevents, as you have a custom solution which
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will monitor for your device addition into the device hierarchy somehow and
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load firmware for you through a custom path.
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Firmware fallback timeout
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=========================
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The firmware fallback mechanism has a timeout. If firmware is not loaded
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onto the sysfs interface by the timeout value an error is sent to the
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driver. By default the timeout is set to 60 seconds if uevents are
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desirable, otherwise MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET is used (max timeout possible).
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The logic behind using MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET for non-uevents is that a custom
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solution will have as much time as it needs to load firmware.
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You can customize the firmware timeout by echo'ing your desired timeout into
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the following file:
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* /sys/class/firmware/timeout
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If you echo 0 into it means MAX_JIFFY_OFFSET will be used. The data type
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for the timeout is an int.
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EFI embedded firmware fallback mechanism
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========================================
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On some devices the system's EFI code / ROM may contain an embedded copy
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of firmware for some of the system's integrated peripheral devices and
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the peripheral's Linux device-driver needs to access this firmware.
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Device drivers which need such firmware can use the
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firmware_request_platform() function for this, note that this is a
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separate fallback mechanism from the other fallback mechanisms and
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this does not use the sysfs interface.
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A device driver which needs this can describe the firmware it needs
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using an efi_embedded_fw_desc struct:
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.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/efi_embedded_fw.h
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:functions: efi_embedded_fw_desc
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The EFI embedded-fw code works by scanning all EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_CODE memory
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segments for an eight byte sequence matching prefix; if the prefix is found it
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then does a sha256 over length bytes and if that matches makes a copy of length
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bytes and adds that to its list with found firmwares.
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To avoid doing this somewhat expensive scan on all systems, dmi matching is
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used. Drivers are expected to export a dmi_system_id array, with each entries'
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driver_data pointing to an efi_embedded_fw_desc.
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To register this array with the efi-embedded-fw code, a driver needs to:
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1. Always be builtin to the kernel or store the dmi_system_id array in a
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separate object file which always gets builtin.
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2. Add an extern declaration for the dmi_system_id array to
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include/linux/efi_embedded_fw.h.
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3. Add the dmi_system_id array to the embedded_fw_table in
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drivers/firmware/efi/embedded-firmware.c wrapped in a #ifdef testing that
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the driver is being builtin.
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4. Add "select EFI_EMBEDDED_FIRMWARE if EFI_STUB" to its Kconfig entry.
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The firmware_request_platform() function will always first try to load firmware
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with the specified name directly from the disk, so the EFI embedded-fw can
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always be overridden by placing a file under /lib/firmware.
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Note that:
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1. The code scanning for EFI embedded-firmware runs near the end
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of start_kernel(), just before calling rest_init(). For normal drivers and
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subsystems using subsys_initcall() to register themselves this does not
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matter. This means that code running earlier cannot use EFI
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embedded-firmware.
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2. At the moment the EFI embedded-fw code assumes that firmwares always start at
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an offset which is a multiple of 8 bytes, if this is not true for your case
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send in a patch to fix this.
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3. At the moment the EFI embedded-fw code only works on x86 because other archs
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free EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_CODE before the EFI embedded-fw code gets a chance to
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scan it.
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4. The current brute-force scanning of EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_CODE is an ad-hoc
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brute-force solution. There has been discussion to use the UEFI Platform
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Initialization (PI) spec's Firmware Volume protocol. This has been rejected
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because the FV Protocol relies on *internal* interfaces of the PI spec, and:
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1. The PI spec does not define peripheral firmware at all
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2. The internal interfaces of the PI spec do not guarantee any backward
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compatibility. Any implementation details in FV may be subject to change,
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and may vary system to system. Supporting the FV Protocol would be
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difficult as it is purposely ambiguous.
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Example how to check for and extract embedded firmware
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------------------------------------------------------
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To check for, for example Silead touchscreen controller embedded firmware,
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do the following:
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1. Boot the system with efi=debug on the kernel commandline
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2. cp /sys/kernel/debug/efi/boot_services_code? to your home dir
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3. Open the boot_services_code? files in a hex-editor, search for the
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magic prefix for Silead firmware: F0 00 00 00 02 00 00 00, this gives you
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the beginning address of the firmware inside the boot_services_code? file.
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4. The firmware has a specific pattern, it starts with a 8 byte page-address,
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typically F0 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 for the first page followed by 32-bit
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word-address + 32-bit value pairs. With the word-address incrementing 4
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bytes (1 word) for each pair until a page is complete. A complete page is
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followed by a new page-address, followed by more word + value pairs. This
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leads to a very distinct pattern. Scroll down until this pattern stops,
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this gives you the end of the firmware inside the boot_services_code? file.
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5. "dd if=boot_services_code? of=firmware bs=1 skip=<begin-addr> count=<len>"
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will extract the firmware for you. Inspect the firmware file in a
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hexeditor to make sure you got the dd parameters correct.
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6. Copy it to /lib/firmware under the expected name to test it.
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7. If the extracted firmware works, you can use the found info to fill an
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efi_embedded_fw_desc struct to describe it, run "sha256sum firmware"
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to get the sha256sum to put in the sha256 field.
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